新鲜果蔬有机磷农药快速检测技术研究进展

来源:公文范文 发布时间:2022-12-14 11:35:04 点击:

zoޛ)j香۲۲۲安全问题更对人体健康产生了巨大威胁。有机磷农药是目前我国生产和使用最多的一类农药,其大量使用不仅对环境造成了严重污染,对人体健康造成了巨大危害,对农产品的出口贸易也有巨大影响。针对这些问题,提升食品农残检测能力刻不容缓。概述了近年来有机磷农药快速检测技术在新鲜果蔬中应用的发展状况,主要包括生物传感器检测技术、色谱分析技术、酶抑制速测技术、酶联免疫传感技术、荧光检测技术和分光光度比色技术,分析了近几年来这些方法的发展现状及优缺点,并对快速检测技术未来的发展前景做出了展望。

关  键  词:有机磷农药;快速检测;果蔬;农药残留;农业

中图分类号:X56       文献标识码: A       文章编号: 1671-0460(2019)12-2919-06

Abstract: As production demand increases, pesticides have been put into the production of fruits and vegetables. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged with the development of economy. Under the trend of economic globalization, international business has been expanded further. Due to excessive pesticides, the food safety would become a great threat to human health. Organophosphorus pesticides are widely produced and used in China. Their large-scale use not only causes serious pollution to soil and water, but also generates great harm to humans. Export of agricultural products is also greatly affected by pesticide residues. So, it is imperative to improve the ability of detection of pesticide residue. In this paper, development and application of rapid detection technology of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables in recent years were summarized, such as biosensor detection technology, new chromatographic analysis technology, enzyme inhibition rapid measurement technology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent technology, fluorescence detection and spectrophotometric colorimetric technology. The development status, advantages and disadvantages of these methods were also discussed,and the development trend of rapid detection technology of organophosphorus pesticides in the future was prospected.

Key words: Organophosphorus pesticide; Rapid detection; Fruits and vegetables; Pesticide residue; Agriculture

我国是世界上的农业大国,大量的农药应用提高了作物的质量和产量,但受农药降解条件和降解时间的限制,农药残留对生态环境的污染也不断增加,对人体健康的危害也越来越严重。我国已将此类化合物列为中国环境优先控制污染物黑名单[1]。有机磷农药是世界上生产使用最多的一类农药,多为磷酸酯类或硫代磷酸酯类,常见农药分子结构见图1,其中磷酸酯基-OPO-可以与乙酰胆碱酯酶反应,形成磷酰化胆碱酯酶,抑制胆酰酯酶的活性,使机体无法分解乙酰胆碱造成神经递质积累,导致神经系统功能紊乱,严重时危及生命。罗鸣钟[2]等人以黄鳝幼鱼为对象,测定出氧乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、敌百虫的24 h半致死浓度分别为:6.190、67.350、5.058、13.622 mg/L; 48 h半致死浓度分别为:4.460、60.954、3.981、6.993 mg/L; 72 h半致死浓度分别为:3.042、55.804、3.404、3.303 mg/L,可见有机磷农药对生物体危害严重,呈现以蓄积为主导的急性毒发效应。

有机磷农药在农药市场中一直占据主导地位,且因其高毒性也一直被市场作为重点检测对象,我国2017年6月实施的《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》[3]新规定了莎稗磷、2,4-滴异辛酯等46种新农药的限量要求,增加了490项农药最大残留限量标准,其中剧毒类的对硫磷和甲拌磷类农药在蔬菜水果中的最大检出量在新旧国家标准中都是0.01 mg/kg,远低于检测限为1〜2 mg/kg的氯菊酯等其他常见农药。2018年9月河南的毒豇豆灭蝇胺检出率为2.7 mg/kg,严重超标;7月吉林省长春市某商场售卖的柑橘,丙溴磷检出值为0.8 mg/kg,比国家标准规定高出3.0倍。许多农药残留超标的案例依旧频繁出现在大众生活中,严重危害着人类的身体健康,影响了经济发展及社会的稳定。我国采取一定措施禁止和控制部分高毒性的有机磷农药的使用,但由于有机磷农药在杀菌、杀虫、除草多方面效果明显,成本低廉,不合理使用现象屢禁不止,我国对农药残留的检测控制依旧面临巨大的挑战。

推荐访问:研究进展 农药 果蔬 检测技术 新鲜
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