陕北毛乌素沙漠区潜水含水层富水性及动态变化特征

摘 要：针对沙漠区潜水含水层富水性评价问题，基于野外调查和理论研究，总结认为毛乌素沙漠区内潜水含水层富水性主要由3层次5个因素综合控制，结合层次分析法、模糊聚类，提出了该区内潜水含水层富水性评价模型，并分析了各影响因素在一个水文年内的变化特征，综合评价了区内萨拉乌苏组潜水含水层的富水性分区特征及其动态变化规律。结果表明：区内潜水含水层以富水性弱区分布最广，且明显大于其他区域，同时该区的面积、形态也最容易受到枯水期和丰水期变化的影响。而较弱富水区的面积对季节变化不敏感，但其分布的区域发生了较大变化。相比之下，较强和强富水含水区则受到的影响较小。

关键词：地质资源与地质工程;潜水含水层;富水性评价;保水采煤

中图分类号：TD 742.3 文献标志码：ADOI：10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2019.0113文章编号：1672-9315（2019）01-0088-08

Unconfined aquifer water richness and dynamic change

features of Mu Us Desert Area in northern Shaanxi

HE Xiao lang，DUAN Zhong hui3，MIAO Lin tian1，3，ZHANG Jian jun3

（1.College of Geology and Environment，Xi’an University of Science and Technology，Xi’an 710054，China;

2.China Coal Energy Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Xi’an 710054，China;

3.Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization，Ministry of Land and Resources，Xi’an 710021，China）

Abstract：Based on the field investigation and theoretical research，it is summarized that the water richness of phreatic aquifer in Mu Us desert area is mainly controlled by 5 factors which can be formed of 3 hierarchies，AHP（analytic hierarchy process）and fuzzy clustering method were adopted to build the water richness evaluation model of unconfined aquifer in the district，and the characteristics of each index in one hydrological year were analyzed.Partition characteristics and the dynamic change features ofSalawusu phreatic aquifer were comprehensively evaluated.The results show that the area with weakest water yield is most widely distributed and significantly greater than other areas，its area and shape are also the most vulnerable to the wet and dry season change，while the area of weaker water richness district would be less influenced by this

change，but significant changes have taken place in its distribution shape.Stronger and strongest water richness zones，in contrast，were less affected.

Key words：geological resources and geological engineering;unconfined aquifer;water richness evaluation;coal mining with water protection

0 引 言

陜北榆神府矿区属毛乌素沙漠区，萨拉乌苏组潜水含水层分布范围广阔，其存在不仅为煤炭、能源化工基地提供了直接水源，也是陕北毛乌素沙漠地区水泉的直接补给来源和维系区内生态环境的重要物质基础[1-3]，是区内最重要的含水层，因而分析研究区内潜水的富集规律，进行潜水含水层的富水性评价，为该含水层的合理开发利用及保护提供依据则显得尤为重要。

当前国内外富水性研究主要包含现场抽（放）水试验[4]、物探定性研究[5-6]、武强、邱士利等人研究的[7-9]多因素综合分析预测法等。但多从矿井防治水角度来研究含水层的富水性，进而使得研究目标主要集中在靠近煤层的承压含水层，而对于潜水含水层的研究较少。近年来保水开采理论及相关技术研究快速发展[10]，但研究的方向却主要集中在讨论煤水间距与“两带”发育高度间的位置关系及其控制方面，对于保水开采的目标含水层—潜水含水层的富水性研究却并未随之明显增多和深入。考虑到潜水含水层与承压含水层在补径排及赋存条件的巨大差异以及毛乌素沙漠区干旱少水的水文地质特征，开展该区域内的富水性动态综合评价，为加强生态潜水含水层的保护、合理开发以及区内煤矿的水害防治提供指导等方面都具有重要的现实意义。